Pathophysiology Proctored Exam (WGU) Practice Questions

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• It is the process by which a substance requires energy to pass through a membrane against a concentration gradient
• It is the process by which solvent molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one
• It is the process by which molecules move from high-concentration areas to low-concentration areas.
• It is the process by which certain molecules pass through the plasma membrane with the help of carrier proteins.

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• Isotonic
• Exotonic
• Hypotonic
• Hypertonic

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• The kidney senses decreased perfusion
• Renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.
• Blood volume is raised and blood pressure is increased.
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme helps to produce angiotensin II in the lungs and to stimulate the adrenal gland to release aldosterone

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• Headache and tremors
• Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
• Crackles and rhonchi upon auscultation
• Hyperactivity and reduced serum ionized calcium levels

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• Botulism
• Malaria
• Lyme disease
• West Nile virus

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• A type of cell that makes hormones and enzymes
• Cells that eat pathogens and destroy them
• A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies
• Cells that release histamine during the inflammatory response

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• The general pathogen fighting system people are born with that does not change over time
• The process in which endothelial cells are separated away from each other, making the capillaries larger
• The process by which the body automatically reacts to tissue injured by trauma or bacteria
• The set of proteins that enhance the ability of the body to initiate the inflammatory response, attack a pathogen, and remove damaged cell material

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• They bind to infected cells and are activated by cytokines.
• They activate B cells and produce small cells called cytokines
• They destroy infected cells by producing proteins targeting cell membranes.
• They are non-responsive during active infections.

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• An intervening sequence that does not encode for proteins
• The portion of the transcript that encodes for protein
• A person with a recessive allele that the dominant allele silences
• One of a pair of genes that is inherited from a parent

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• Hypertension is always linked to the Y chromosome and environmental factors.
• Turner's syndrome is a disorder in which a female has a completely or partially missing X chromosome.
• Type 2 DM (T2DM) is caused by family history, behavior, and other factors.
• Y chromosome as hemophilia is associated with the X chromosome.